Some children, whether they are born preemie or not, have difficulties with some aspects of thinking. This section provides some recommendations for specific skills that are important for learning.

When attempting to intervene or accommodate for a students’ difficulties in the classroom, whether it is memory, attention, or executive functions, it is important to consider the classroom culture as well as teaching style. Ideas that will benefit more students have a better chance of success

Executive skills

Executive function (EF) refers to a collection of processes that are responsible for purposeful, goal-directed behaviour, such as planning, setting goals, initiating, using problem-solving strategies, and monitoring thoughts and behaviour. Executive functioning is important for a child's intellectual development, behaviour, emotional control, and social interaction.

(Anderson & Doyle, 2004)

Executive skills

Executive function (EF) refers to a collection of processes that are responsible for purposeful, goal-directed behaviour, such as planning, setting goals, initiating, using problem-solving strategies, and monitoring thoughts and behaviour. Executive functioning is important for a child's intellectual development, behaviour, emotional control, and social interaction.

Children with executive function problems may have difficulty in some of these areas:

• planning their work and seeing it through to the end.
• setting goals and sticking to them.
• deciding what is and isn’t important to focus on
• working through a problem step-by-step in a logical order
• coming up with ideas and problem-solving strategies by themselves.
• getting started on a project

(Klenberg, Korkman, & Lahti-Nuuttila, 2001)

The following details some ideas to help children with executive functioning difficulties

Strategies at Home

• This has been touched on but you can teach your child subvocalisations. Subvocalisations are also referred to as silent speech. It is the technique of internal speech where the reader imagines the sound of the word as they read it. It helps reduce the amount of effort involved in trying to understand the content and therefore increases the chances of remembering it later.
• Help teach your child verbal mediation, which includes imaging the scene or object while reading or listening, using rhymes and anagrams.

Strategies at School

Strategies for Teachers

Strategies for teachers to use when a student is experiencing memory difficulties

• A child with executive difficulties may become frustrated if they can’t come up with ideas when problem-solving, so they may need some prompting or assistance to think of alternatives when they are stuck on such activities. 
• It can be beneficial to give clear direction, rather than many options, which may be overwhelming. 
• Checklists/structures are useful in helping children with essays and projects.
• Prompting to begin and continue with activities may be necessary. 
• Children with poor self-monitoring skills often lead to making errors. If this is the case it is recommended that a routine of checking their work is established as part of their normal working process. 
• It is very important that the child learns to use a diary efficiently. They will be better able to plan and organise their school work. Also, writing down the tasks that need to be completed reduces the load on memory. 
• Redirect child to the topic when they go off-task or are distracted. Break complex tasks into simple steps for the student to follow. The student may need step by step direction to ensure they complete set tasks. 
• It may be beneficial for the student to work from written checklists or picture cues of steps to follow in a task. For younger children, encourage them to tick off or cross out each step when it is completed.

(Catroppa & Anderson, 2002; Chanquoy, 2001; Kinsella et al., 2009; Simon, 1998; Thone, 1996)

Technical Reference List

Catroppa, C., & Anderson, V. (2002). Recovery in memory function in the first year following TBI in children. Brain Injury, 16(5), 369-384.
Chanquoy, L. (2001). How to make it easier for children to revise their writing: A study of text revision from 3rd to 5th grades. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 15-41.
Kinsella, G. J., Mullaly, E., Rand, E., Ong, B., Burton, C., Price, S., et al. (2009). Early intervention for mild cognitive impairment: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 80(7), 730-736.
Simon, C. S. (1998). When big kids don't learn: contextual modifications and intervention strategies for age 8-18 at-risk students. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 12(3), 249-280.
Thone, A. I. T. (1996). Memory rehabilitation - Recent developments and future directions. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 9(3), 125-140.